-
Leibniz,
Zuse
German Inventions
Planck,
Einstein
Inventions, innovations or discoveries known or generally recognised to be German.
→ Main source: Wikipedia, abbreviated version, youtube, et.al.
- Famous inventors, Discoverers and Engineers (direct links!):
- The movable-type Printing Press by Johannes Gutenberg 15th century: the most important of the second millennium.[11] - Time Life 1997,
- - "the most influential person of the second millennium" A&E Network 1998, "Biographies of the Millennium".[11]
- Kepler's Laws of Planetary Motion by Johannes Kepler. Pocket Watch by Peter Henlein. Newspaper by Johann Carolus.
- Calculus[298] + Leibniz's Notation[299] by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz: 1675 Integral symbol [301] + Binary Numeral System.
- First Automatic Digital Computer(!) (Z3) by Konrad Zuse[5] + commercial computer (Z4) & High-level Programming Language[6]
- Air transportation: Count Ferdinand von Zeppelin,[7] Otto Lilienthal, Hugo Junkers...
- Bicycle (dandy horse, "Laufmaschine") 1817 by Baron Karl von Drais[568][569]
- Car / Automobile by Karl Benz [579][580] ...on four wheels, by Gottlieb Daimler[584] ...motorcycle ...1885 by Daimler + Wilhelm Maybach.[581]
- Space rocket + NASA Saturn V Moon Rocket / Moon landing by Aerospace engineer Wernher von Braun.
- Modern World View:
- Special Relativity + General Relativity theories / Gravity by Albert Einstein in 1905 + 1915.
- Quantum Mechanics by Max Planck, with major contributions by Werner Heisenberg + Max Born.[9]
- X-rays by Wilhelm Röntgen.[10] Microbiology by Ferdinand Cohn + Robert Koch.
- Electromagnetic Radiation, pivotal to modern telecommunication by Heinrich Rudolf Hertz.[8] Radiochemistry + Nuclear Fission by Otto Hahn.
Christmas Market - Telescope - Calculator - Wheelchair - Oktoberfest - Accordion - Complete blood count - Telephone transmitter
- Contact lenses - Pension insurance - Gramophone record - Bodybuilding - Teddy bear - Radar system - Mass–Energy Equivalence
(E = mc2) - Laundry detergent - Coffee filter - Passenger airline - Echo sounding - Parachute - Electron microscope - TV Station
- SMS - Tea bag - YouTube - Combined oral contraceptive pill - Morphine - SIM card - Christmas tree - Refrigerator - Aspirin
- Antibiotic - Condom - Tape recorder
Follow the specific links in → wikipedia!
1434 |
The world's first Christmas Market (Striezelmarkt) in Dresden[515] |
1517 |
Protestantism and Lutheranism by Martin Luther[516] |
1600< |
16th century: Modern Christmas tree[517][518] |
1608 |
Telescope by German-Dutch Hans Lippershey[419] |
1623 |
Mechanical Calculator by Wilhelm Schickard[296][297] |
1650 |
First vacuum pump by Otto von Guericke[420] |
1654 |
Magdeburg hemispheres by Otto von Guericke[421] |
1655 |
First self-propelled wheelchair by Stephan Farffler[567] |
1663 |
First electrostatic generator by Otto von Guericke[422] |
1665 |
Integral symbol by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz[301] |
1673–1676 |
Leibniz formula for π by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz[300] |
16xx |
Calculus[298] + Leibniz's notation[299] by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz |
1700~ |
Clarinet by Johann Christoph Denner in Nuremberg[402][403] |
1700< |
17th century: Easter Bunny[519] |
1776 |
Illuminati by Adam Weishaupt[521] |
1795 |
Least squares by Carl Friedrich Gauss[302] |
1800 |
Late 18th century: German idealism by Immanuel Kant[501] |
1801 |
Discovery of ultraviolet by Johann Wilhelm Ritter[425] |
1803–1827 |
First isolation of morphine by Friedrich Sertürner in Paderborn; first as a pain medication; commercial in 1827 in Darmstadt by Merck.[319] |
1810~ |
Gaussian elimination by Carl Friedrich Gauss[303] |
1810~ |
Skat card game in Altenburg[557] |
1810 |
Oktoberfest, the world's largest Volksfest,[522] in Munich |
1812–1858 |
Grimms' Fairy Tales by Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm[232] |
1813 |
Gauss's law by Carl Friedrich Gauss[426] |
1814 |
Discovery of Fraunhofer lines by Joseph von Fraunhofer[427] |
1814–1816 |
Metronome by Johann Nepomuk Mälzel and Dietrich Nikolaus Winkel[405] |
1817 |
The first bicycle (dandy horse, or Laufmaschine in German) by Baron Karl von Drais[568][569] |
1817 |
Tachometer by Diedrich Uhlhorn[570][571] |
1820 |
Galvanometer by Johann Schweigger in Halle[431] |
1827 |
Gauss map[305] and Gaussian curvature[306] by Carl Friedrich Gauss |
1827 |
Ohm's law by Georg Ohm[432] |
1830 |
or earlier: Accordion in Nuremberg[409] |
1830s |
Kindergarten concept by Friedrich Fröbel[233] |
1832 |
First synthesis of chloral hydrate + hypnotic drug,[320] by Justus von Liebig Giessen;[321] Oscar Liebreich hypnotic + sedative into medicine in 1869. |
1834 |
First practical rotary electric motor by Moritz von Jacobi[572] |
1835 |
Tuba by Wilhelm Friedrich Wieprecht and Johann Gottfried Moritz in Berlin[410] |
1837-1950 |
|
1838 |
First electric boat by Moritz von Jacobi[573] |
1839 |
Advent wreath by Johann Hinrich Wichern[523] |
1845 |
Kirchhoff's circuit laws by Gustav Kirchhoff[434] |
1850 |
Formulation of the first and second law of thermodynamics by Rudolf Clausius[435][436] |
1850~ |
Advent calendar by German Lutherans;[524] the modern version was created by Gerhard Lang (1881–1974) from Munich[525] |
1850s |
Microscopic pathology by Rudolf Virchow[325] |
1850–51 |
Ophthalmoscope by Hermann von Helmholtz[326][327] |
1897–1899 |
Aspirin by Felix Hoffmann or Arthur Eichengrün at Bayer in Elberfeld[343] |
1852 |
First complete blood count by Karl von Vierordt[328] |
1859 |
Riemann hypothesis by Bernhard Riemann[309] |
1861 |
First telephone transmitter(!) by Johann Philipp Reis;[441][442] he also coined the term "telephone"[442] |
1865 |
Concept of entropy by Rudolf Clausius[444] |
1864–1875 |
Centrifuge by brothers Alexander + Antonin Prandtl from Munich[443] |
1870–1895 |
Modern refrigerator and modern refrigeration by Carl von Linde.[2][278][279][280] |
1874 |
Cantor's first uncountability proof and set theory by Georg Cantor[310] |
1876 |
Otto engine by Nicolaus Otto[574] |
1877 |
Microphone by Emile Berliner[413][414] |
1879 |
Empiric-experimental Psychology by Wilhelm Wundt in Leipzig[505][506] |
1879–1881 |
First electric locomotive[575] and electric tramway (Gross-Lichterfelde Tramway) by Siemens & Halske[576][577] |
1881 |
First modern caesarean section performed by Ferdinand Adolf Kehrer (introduction of the transverse incision technique)[333] |
1880s |
The German Empire (1871–1918) - first modern welfare state / Otto von Bismarck,[507]: |
1882 |
Adhesive bandage (Guttaperchapflastermulle) by Paul Carl Beiersdorf[334] |
1882 |
Discovery of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) bacteria which causes tuberculosis, by Robert Koch[335] |
1882 |
Trolleybus (Electromote) by Werner von Siemens[578] |
1883 |
Health insurance (Krankenversicherung) [508] |
1884 |
Discovery of the pathogenic bacterium Corynebacterium diphtheriae which causes diphtheria, by Edwin Klebs + Friedrich Löffler[336] |
1884 |
Discovery of the vibrio cholerae bacteria which causes cholera, by Robert Koch[338] |
1884 |
Accident insurance (Unfallvers.) [508]. |
1885 |
First Automobile (Benz Patent-Motorwagen) by Karl Benz in Mannheim[579][580] |
1885 |
First motorcycle (Daimler Reitwagen) by Gottlieb Daimler + Wilhelm Maybach.[581] |
1885 |
The called motorcycle of Hildebrand & Wolfmüller from 1894 (created by Heinrich + Wilhelm Hildebrand + Alois Wolfmüller) |
1885 |
First modern internal combustion engine by Gottlieb Daimler + Wilhelm Maybach[583] |
1886 |
Hole punch and ring binder by Friedrich Soennecken in Bonn[283] |
1886 |
Discovery of anode rays by Eugen Goldstein[450] |
1886 |
|
1886 |
Motorboat by Lürssen, in commission of Gottlieb Daimler + Wilhelm Maybach, in Bremen[585] |
1887 |
Gramophone record by Emile Berliner[414][415] |
1887 |
First parabolic antenna by Heinrich Hertz[452] |
1887 |
Discoveries of electromagnetic radiation, photoelectric effect and radio waves by Heinrich Hertz[451] |
1888 |
First successful afocal scleral glass contact lenses by Adolf Gaston Eugen Fick[341] |
1888 |
Driver's license by Karl Benz[586] |
1888 |
The world's first filling station was the city pharmacy in Wiesloch[587] |
1888 |
Flocken Elektrowagen, regarded by some as the first real electric car,[588] by Andreas Flocken in Coburg. |
1889 |
Pension insurance (Gesetzliche Rentenvers.) [508]. |
1890 |
Diphtheria antitoxin by Emil von Behring[342] |
1890 |
Plastilin by Franz Kolb[558] |
1891 |
Taximeter by Friedrich Wilhelm Gustav Bruhn[590] |
1893 |
Diesel engine, diesel fuel and biodiesel by Rudolf Diesel in Augsburg[591] |
1893 |
Lilienthal Normalsegelapparat, the first aeroplane to be serially produced,[592][593] by Otto Lilienthal |
1893 |
Zeppelin, the first rigid airship,[594] by Ferdinand von Zeppelin[595] |
1895 |
Discovery of X-rays by Wilhelm Röntgen[455] |
1896 |
First truck (Daimler Motor-Lastwagen) by Gottlieb Daimler[597] |
1897 |
Scientific-Humanitarian Committee, first LGBT rights organization in history,[509][510] founded by Magnus Hirschfeld in Berlin |
1900 |
Planck constant and Planck's law by Max Planck[458] |
1900< |
Marxism by Karl Marx + Friedrich Engels[502] |
1900 |
|
1900–1930 |
Quantum mechanics by Max Planck and Werner Heisenberg[459] |
1901 |
Adhesive tape by company Beiersdorf AG[285] |
1901 |
Modern bodybuilding by Eugen Sandow[530] |
1901 |
Mercedes 35 hp, regarded by some as the first real modern automobile,[600] + drum brake.[601]by Gottlieb Daimler + Wilhelm Maybach. |
1902 |
Teddy bear (55 PB) by Richard Steiff[560] |
1904 |
First radar system (Telemobiloscope) by Christian Hülsmeyer [462] |
1905 |
Mass–energy equivalence (E = mc2)[463] + special relativity[464] by Albert Einstein |
1906–1912 |
Third law of thermodynamics (Nernst's theorem) by Walther Nernst[466] |
1907 |
(Modern) Laundry detergent (Persil) by Henkel[286] |
1907–08 |
Mensch ärgere Dich nicht board game by Josef Friedrich Schmidt[561] |
1907–1910 |
First synthesis of arsphenamine, the first antibiotic,[347] by Paul Ehrlich + Alfred Bertheim.[348] 1910 by Hoechst under Salvarsan.[349] |
1908 |
Paper coffee filter by Melitta Bentz[287] |
1909 |
First intrauterine device (IUD): by Richard Richter (of Waldenburg, then part of Germany; in 1909). |
1908–1911 |
Creation of dihydrocodeine[350] |
1909 |
The world's first passenger airline; DELAG in Frankfurt (1909).[6079] |
1912 |
The world's first diesel locomotive by Gesellschaft für Thermo-Lokomotiven Diesel-Klose-Sulzer GmbH / Munich[609] + Borsig / Berlin[610] |
1912 |
The company also employed the first flight attendant, Heinrich Kubis (1912).[608] |
1912 |
Theory of Continental drift and the postulation of the existence of Pangaea by Alfred Wegener[271] |
1912–1916 |
Invention of the modern condom by Poland-born Julius Fromm in Berlin[353] |
1913 |
Echo sounding by Alexander Behm[467][468] |
1915 |
Noether's theorem by Emmy Noether[470] |
1915< |
Modern parachute (the first collapsible parachute) by Katharina Paulus[553][554] |
1915 |
The world's first all-metal aircraft (Junkers J 1) by Junkers & Co[611] |
1916 |
The German Empire became the first country in the world to implement daylight saving time (DST)[511] |
1920s |
(Modern) hand-held metal detector by Gerhard Fischer[475] |
1920s |
Autogenic training by Johannes Heinrich Schultz[555] |
1924 |
First human electroencephalography (EEG) recording by Hans Berger + the electroencephalogram + discovered alpha waves.[362] |
1924–25 |
Bose–Einstein statistics, Bose–Einstein condensate and Boson by Albert Einstein[479] |
1927 |
Uncertainty principle by Werner Heisenberg[481] |
1927 |
Free electron model by Arnold Sommerfeld[480] |
1927 |
Uncertainty principle by Werner Heisenberg[481] |
1928 |
Geiger–Müller counter by Hans Geiger and Walther Müller[482] |
1928 |
First rocket-powered aircraft (Lippisch Ente) by Alexander Lippisch[613] |
1929 |
First machine-produced tea bag (1929) - by Adolf Rambold and Teekanne[289] |
1929 |
Cardiac catheterization by Werner Forssmann[363] |
1929 |
First intrauterine device (IUD): first ring (Gräfenberg's ring, 1929) used by a significant number of women by Ernst Gräfenberg.[351] |
1930s |
Critical theory by the Frankfurt School[512] |
1930s |
(Modern) Tape recorder by BASF (then part of the chemical giant IG Farben) + AEG in cooperation with the state radio RRG[251][252] |
1931 |
Electron microscope by Ernst Ruska and Max Knoll[483] |
1933 |
Discovery of the Meissner effect by Walther Meissner + Robert Ochsenfeld[484] |
1934 |
Fernsehsender Paul Nipkow (TV Station Paul Nipkow) in Berlin, first public television station in the world[253][254] |
1936 |
The first operational and practical helicopter (Focke-Wulf Fw 61), by Focke-Achgelis[615] |
1935 |
Richter magnitude scaleby Beno Gutenberg (together with Charles Francis Richter)[273] |
1937 |
Scanning electron microscope (SEM) by Manfred von Ardenne[486] |
1938 |
Discovery of nuclear fission by Otto Hahn and Fritz Straßmann[487][488] |
1944 |
First operational cruise missile (V-1 flying bomb) by Robert Lusser at Fieseler[398] |
1948 |
Paralympic Games by German-born Ludwig Guttmann[539][540] |
1949 |
The modern Tea bag (1949) by Adolf Rambold + Teekanne[289][290] |
1949 |
Integrated circuit by Werner Jacobi (Siemens AG)[255][256] |
1949 |
Development of the nuclear shell model by Maria Goeppert-Mayer + J. Hans D. Jensen[489] |
1951 |
Airbag by Walter Linderer[618] |
1953 |
Echocardiography by Carl Hellmuth Hertz (with Swedish physician Inge Edler)[369] |
1961 |
Combined oral contraceptive pill by Schering AG[370][371] |
1969 |
Articaine (Ultracain), a dental local anesthetic - by pharmacologist Roman Muschaweck + chemist Robert Rippel (former Hoechst AG)[372][373] |
1972 |
First home video console (Magnavox Odyssey) by German-born Ralph H. Baer[563][564] |
1974 |
Playmobil by Hans Beck[565] |
1980s |
Atomic force microscope and the scanning tunneling microscope by Gerd Binnig[496][497] |
1980 |
|
1984 |
Short Message Service (SMS) concept by Friedhelm Hillebrand[260] |
1990 |
First radio-controlled wristwatch (MEGA 1) by Junghans[262] |
1990~ |
Late 1980s and early 1990s: MP3 compression algorithm (fundamental for MP3 players) by i.a. Karlheinz Brandenburg (Fraunhofer Society)[261] |
1991 |
SIM card by Giesecke & Devrient in Munich[263][264] |
1995 |
The Settlers of Catan by Klaus Teuber[566] |
2005 |
YouTube, co-founded by Jawed Karim[265] |
2020 |
mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccine (BNT162b2) based on research by Uğur Şahin + Özlem Türeci[376][377] |
19th century: Discovery of Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system by Theodor Schwann[17]
1840: First medical report on poliomyelitis (Heine-Medin disease), and the first to recognize the illness as a clinical entity, by Jakob Heine[19]
1852: First description of tactile corpuscle by Georg Meissner and Rudolf Wagner[20]
1868: Discovery of Langerhans cell by Paul Langerhans[21]
1869: Discovery of islets of Langerhans by Paul Langerhans[22]
1875: First description of Merkel cell by Friedrich Sigmund Merkel[23]
1882: First successful cholecystectomy by Carl Langenbuch in Berlin[24]
1906: Discovery of the Alzheimer's disease by Alois Alzheimer[25]
1977: Plastination by Gunther von Hagens[27]
1856: Neanderthal 1 near Düsseldorf[32]
1856–1857: First description of the Neanderthal by Johann Carl Fuhlrott and Hermann Schaaffhausen[33]
1861: Archaeopteryx by Hermann von Meyer near Solnhofen[35]
1868–1879: Troy by Heinrich Schliemann[36]
1908: Homo heidelbergensis by Daniel Hartmann and Otto Schoetensack near Heidelberg[39]
1912: The Nefertiti Bust by Ludwig Borchardt[40]
1525: Ray tracing by Albrecht Dürer[48]
1708: Meissen porcelain, the first European hard-paste porcelain, by Ehrenfried Walther von Tschirnhaus in Meissen[49]
Early 1900s: The modernist movement Expressionism[51]
1919: Bauhaus by Walter Gropius[52]
1609–1619: Kepler's laws of planetary motion by Johannes Kepler[53]
1781: Discovery of Uranus, with two of its major moons (Titania and Oberon), by William Herschel[54]
1846: Discovery of Neptune by Johann Galle[55]
1902: Discovery of the stratosphere by Richard Assmann[56]
1909: Discovery of cosmic ray by Theodor Wulf[57]
1916: Schwarzschild metric[58] and Schwarzschild radius[59] by Karl Schwarzschild
Late 1790s/early 1800s: Humboldtian science by Alexander von Humboldt[62]
1840: Discovery of hemoglobin by Friedrich Ludwig Hünefeld[67]
1877: Description of dyslexia by Adolf Kussmaul[71]
1880s: Bacteriology by Robert Koch[72]
Late 19th century: Isolated the non-protein component of "nuclein", determining the chemical composition of nucleic acids, and later isolated its five primary nucleobases (adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine and uracil) by Albrecht Kossel[73]
1885: Forgetting curve and learning curve by Hermann Ebbinghaus[74]
1890: Description of mitochondrion by Richard Altmann[76]
1928: First reliable pregnancy test by Selmar Aschheim and Bernhard Zondek[79]
1928: Artificial cloning of organisms by Hans Spemann and Hilde Mangold[80]
1974: First genetically modified animal (a mouse) by Rudolf Jaenisch[83]
1669: Discovery of phosphorus by Hennig Brand in Hamburg[85]
1706: Prussian blue by Heinrich Diesbach in Berlin[86]
1724: Temperature scale Fahrenheit by Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit[87]
1773 or earlier: discovery of oxygen (although Joseph Priestley published his findings first) by Carl Wilhelm Scheele[90]
1789: Discovery of the elements uranium[91] and zirconium[92] by Martin Heinrich Klaproth
1828, 1893: Isolation (1828) of nicotine by Wilhelm Heinrich Posselt and Karl Ludwig Reimann.[101] The structure (1893) of nicotine was later discovered by Adolf Pinner and Richard Wolffenstein[102]
1839: Discovery of ozone by Christian Friedrich Schönbein[110]
c. 1855: Bunsen burner by Robert Bunsen and Peter Desaga[117]
1864: First synthesis of barbiturate by Adolf von Baeyer, first marketed by Bayer under the name "Veronal" in 1903[127]
1885–1886: Discovery of germanium by Clemens Winkler[135]
1887: Petri dish by Julius Richard Petri[136]
1903: First commercially successful decaffeination process by Ludwig Roselius (later of Café HAG), after foundations were laid by Friedlieb Ferdinand Runge in 1820[144]
1981–1996: Discovery and creation of bohrium by Peter Armbruster and Gottfried Münzenberg at the GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research in Darmstadt[157]
1982: Discovery and creation of meitnerium at the GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research[158]
1984: Discovery and creation of hassium at the GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research[157]
1994: Discovery and creation of darmstadtium at the GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research[159]
1994: Discovery and creation of roentgenium at the GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research[160]
1996: Discovery and creation of copernicium at the GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research[161]
18th century or earlier: Dirndl, Lederhosen and Tracht[163]
1709: Eau de Cologne by Johann Maria Farina (Giovanni Maria Farina) in Cologne[164]
1871–1873: Jeans by German-born Levi Strauss (together with Russian-American Jacob Davis)[165]
1905: Permanent wave that was suitable for use on people, by Karl Nessler[166]
1911: Nivea, the first modern cream,[167] by Beiersdorf AG[168]
Late 17th century: Modern binary numeral system by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz[170]
1918–1923: Enigma machine by Arthur Scherbius[171]
1920s: Hellschreiber (precursor of the impact dot matrix printers and faxes) by Rudolf Hell[172][173]
1941: First programmable, fully automatic digital computer (Z3) by Konrad Zuse[174]
1942–1945: Programming language Plankalkül, the first high-level programming language to be designed for a computer,[175] by Konrad Zuse
1945: The world's first commercial digital computer (Z4) by Konrad Zuse[6]
1960s: Smart card by Jürgen Dethloff and Helmut Gröttrup[177]
1990s: MP3 format by Karlheinz Brandenburg and others at the Fraunhofer Society.[178][179]
1831–1834: Wire rope by Wilhelm Albert[180][181][182]
1880: The world's first electric elevator by Werner von Siemens[185]
1895: Electrically driven hand drill by Carl and Wilhelm Fein in Stuttgart[186]
1958: Modern (plastic) wall plug (Fischer Wall Plug) by Artur Fischer[194][195][196]
1962: The world's first sex shop by Beate Uhse AG in Flensburg[197]
1988–1990: The concept of the Passivhaus (Passive house) standard by Wolfgang Feist in Darmstadt[199]
Modern beer – Reinheitsgebot[202][203] and "developing the beverage [beer] to its highest perfection"[204]
Dominostein by Herbert Wendler[206]
Modern doner kebab sandwich in Berlin, 1972[207]
Hamburger (the "founder" is unknown, but it has German origins)[208][209]
Hedgehog slice (Kalter Hund)
Parboiled rice (Huzenlaub Process) by Erich Huzenlaub[216]
Potato salad (Kartoffelsalat)[219][220]
Pretzel (the origin is disputed, but the earliest recorded evidence of pretzels appeared in Germany)[221]
Vienna sausage by Johann Georg Lahner in 1805[224]
12th century: Lingua Ignota, the first entirely artificial language, by St. Hildegard of Bingen, OSB[225]
c. 1440: Printing press with movable type by Johannes Gutenberg[11]
1605: First newspaper (Relation aller Fürnemmen und gedenckwürdigen Historien) by Johann Carolus in Strasbourg (then part of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation)[226]
1796: Lithography by Alois Senefelder[228]
Early 19th century: Humboldtian model of higher education by Wilhelm von Humboldt,[229] which led to the creation of the first modern university (Universität zu Berlin) in 1810,[230] although the University of Halle is also regarded as "the first truly modern university"[231]
1812–1858: Grimms' Fairy Tales by Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm[232]
1830s: Kindergarten concept by Friedrich Fröbel[233]
1905: The Morse code distress signal SOS ( ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ )[237][238]
1919: Waldorf education by Emil Molt and Rudolf Steiner in Stuttgart[239]
1937–1951: Interlingua by Alexander Gode[240]
c. 1151: The earliest known morality play (Ordo Virtutum) by St. Hildegard of Bingen, OSB[241]
1505: The world's first (pocket) watch (Watch 1505) by Peter Henlein[242][243]
1663: First magazine (Erbauliche Monaths Unterredungen)[244]
1885: Nipkow disk (fundamental component in the earliest televisions) by Paul Gottlieb Nipkow[3]
1897: Cathode-ray tube (CRT) and the oscilloscope by Ferdinand Braun[245]
1903: Printed circuit board by Albert Hanson of Berlin[246]
1928: Magnetic tape in Dresden, later developed and commercialized by AEG[250]
1930s: (Modern) tape recorder by BASF (then part of the chemical giant IG Farben) and AEG in cooperation with the state radio RRG[251][252]
1934: Fernsehsender Paul Nipkow (TV Station Paul Nipkow) in Berlin, first public television station in the world[253][254]
1949: Integrated circuit by Werner Jacobi (Siemens AG)[255][256]
1984: Short Message Service (SMS) concept by Friedhelm Hillebrand[260]
Late 1980s and early 1990s: MP3 compression algorithm (fundamental for MP3 players) by i.a. Karlheinz Brandenburg (Fraunhofer Society)[261]
1990: First radio-controlled wristwatch (MEGA 1) by Junghans[262]
1991: SIM card by Giesecke & Devrient in Munich[263][264]
2005: YouTube, co-founded by Jawed Karim[265]
1912: Theory of continental drift and the postulation of the existence of Pangaea by Alfred Wegener[271]
1935: Richter magnitude scale by Beno Gutenberg (together with Charles Francis Richter)[273]
1835: Modern (silvered-glass) mirror by Justus von Liebig[274][275][276]
1870–1895: Modern refrigerator and modern refrigeration by Carl von Linde.[2][278][279][280]
1871: Modern mattress (the innerspring mattress) by Heinrich Westphal in Berlin[281][282]
1886: Hole punch and ring binder by Friedrich Soennecken in Bonn[283]
1886: Folding ruler by Anton Ullrich in Maikammer[284]
1901: Adhesive tape by company Beiersdorf AG[285]
1907: (Modern) Laundry detergent (Persil) by Henkel[286]
1908: Paper coffee filter by Melitta Bentz[287]
1909: Egg slicer by Willy Abel in Berlin[288]
1929, 1949: First machine-produced tea bag (1929) and the modern tea bag (1949) by Adolf Rambold and Teekanne[289][290]
1930s: Ink eraser by Pelikan[291]
1969: Glue stick by Henkel[294]
1611: Kepler conjecture by Johannes Kepler[295]
1623: Mechanical calculator by Wilhelm Schickard[296][297]
16xx: Late 17th century: Calculus[298] and Leibniz's notation[299] by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
1673–1676: Leibniz formula for π by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz[300]
1675: Integral symbol by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz[301]
1795: Least squares by Carl Friedrich Gauss[302]
1827: Gauss map[305] and Gaussian curvature[306] by Carl Friedrich Gauss
1837: Analytic number theory by Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet[307]
c. 1850: Riemann geometry by Bernhard Riemann[308]
1859: Riemann hypothesis by Bernhard Riemann[309]
1874: Cantor's first uncountability proof and set theory by Georg Cantor[310]
1882: Klein bottle by Felix Klein[311]
1891: Cantor's diagonal argument and Cantor's theorem by Georg Cantor[312]
1897: Cantor–Bernstein–Schroeder theorem by Felix Bernstein and Ernst Schröder[313]
1900s: Hilbert space by David Hilbert[316]
Early 20th century: Weyl tensor by Hermann Weyl[317]
1803–1827: Isolation of morphine by Friedrich Sertürner; marketed pain medication by Sertürner + Company in 1817, commercial production in 1827 in Darmstadt by Merck.[319]
1832: Synthesis of chloral hydrate, first hypnotic drug,[320] by Justus von Liebign;[321] Oscar Liebreich into medicine in 1869 its hypnotic + sedative qualities.[322]
1850s: Microscopic pathology by Rudolf Virchow[325]
1850–51: Ophthalmoscope by Hermann von Helmholtz[326][327]
1852: First complete blood count by Karl von Vierordt[328]
1854: Sphygmograph by Karl von Vierordt[329]
1855: First synthesis of the cocaine alkaloid by Friedrich Gaedcke;[330] Purification process by Albert Niemann in 1859–1860 as "cocaine".[331] 1862 in Darmstadt by Merck.[332]
1881: First modern caesarean section performed by Ferdinand Adolf Kehrer (introduction of the transverse incision technique)[333]
1882: Adhesive bandage (Guttapercha-Pflastermulle) by Paul Carl Beiersdorf[334]
1882: Discovery of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) bacteria which causes tuberculosis, by Robert Koch[335]
1884: Discovery of the vibrio cholerae bacteria which causes cholera, by Robert Koch[338]
1887: Amphetamine by Romanian-born Lazăr Edeleanu in Berlin[339]
1888: First successful afocal scleral glass contact lenses by Adolf Gaston Eugen Fick[341]
1890: Diphtheria antitoxin by Emil von Behring[342]
1897–1899: Aspirin by Felix Hoffmann or Arthur Eichengrün at Bayer in Elberfeld[343]
1897: Discovery of the cause of foot-and-mouth disease (Aphthovirus) by Friedrich Loeffler[346]
1907–1910: First synthesis of arsphenamine, the first antibiotic,[347] by Paul Ehrlich and Alfred Bertheim.[348] In 1910 marketed by Hoechst under the name Salvarsan.[349]
1908–1911: Creation of dihydrocodeine[350]
1909, 1929: First intrauterine device (IUD) by Richard Richter (of Waldenburg, then part of Germany; in 1909), and the first ring (Gräfenberg's ring, 1929) used by a significant number of women by Ernst Gräfenberg.[351]
1912–1916: Invention of the modern condom by Poland-born Julius Fromm in Berlin[353]
1924: First human electroencephalography (EEG) recording by Hans Berger. He also invented the electroencephalogram and discovered alpha waves.[362]
1953: Echocardiography by Carl Hellmuth Hertz (with Swedish physician Inge Edler)[369]
1961: Combined oral contraceptive pill by Schering AG[370][371]
1969: Articaine (Ultracain), a dental local anesthetic first synthesized by pharmacologist Roman Muschaweck and chemist Robert Rippel (former Hoechst AG)[372][373]
2020: mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccine (BNT162b2) based on research by Uğur Şahin and Özlem Türeci[376][377]
1842: Pickelhaube by King Frederick William IV of Prussia[380]
1901: Modern flamethrower by Richard Fiedler[381]
1916: First anti-tank grenade[382]
1918: First anti-tank rifle (Mauser 1918 T-Gewehr) by Mauser[384]
1918: First practical submachine gun (MP 18) by Theodor Bergmann[385]
1941: The only rocket-powered fighter aircraft ever + the first piloted aircraft to exceed 1000 km/h in level flight, the Messerschmitt Me 163, by Alexander Lippisch.[394]
1943: First aviation unit (Kampfgeschwader 100) to use precision-guided munition[396]
c. 1944: First anti-tank missile (the X-7)[397]
1944: First operational cruise missile (V-1 flying bomb) by Robert Lusser at Fieseler[398]
1944: A modern pioneer and the world's first long-range guided ballistic missile (V-2 rocket) under the direction of Wernher von Braun[399][400]
1700~: Clarinet by Johann Christoph Denner in Nuremberg[402][403]
1805: Panharmonicon by Johann Nepomuk Mälzel[404]
1814–1816: Metronome by Johann Nepomuk Mälzel and Dietrich Nikolaus Winkel[405]
1818: (Modern) French horn by Heinrich Stölzel and Friedrich Blühmel[406]
1821: Harmonica by Christian Friedrich Ludwig Buschmann[407]
1828: Flugelhorn by Heinrich Stölzel in Berlin[408]
1835: Tuba by Wilhelm Friedrich Wieprecht and Johann Gottfried Moritz in Berlin[410]
1850s: Wagner tuba by Richard Wagner[411]
1854: Bandoneon by Heinrich Band[412]
1877: Microphone by Emile Berliner[413][414]
1887: Gramophone record by Emile Berliner[414][415]
1914: Hornbostel–Sachs, the most used system in musical instrument classification, by Curt Sachs (+ Erich Moritz von Hornbostel)[416]
1512, 1576: Theodolite by Gregorius Reisch and Martin Waldseemüller (1512),[417] although the first "true" version was created by Erasmus Habermehl (1576)[418]
1608: Telescope by Hans Lippershey[419]
1650: First vacuum pump by Otto von Guericke[420]
1654: Magdeburg hemispheres by Otto von Guericke[421]
1663: First electrostatic generator by Otto von Guericke[422]
1777: Discovery of Lichtenberg figures by Georg Christoph Lichtenberg[424]
1801: Discovery of ultraviolet by Johann Wilhelm Ritter[425]
1813: Gauss's law by Carl Friedrich Gauss[426]
1814: Discovery of Fraunhofer lines by Joseph von Fraunhofer[427]
1817: Ackermann steering geometry by Georg Lankensperger in Munich[428][429]
1817< Gyroscope by Johann Gottlieb Friedrich von Bohnenberger in Tübingen[430]
1820: Galvanometer by Johann Schweigger in Halle[431]
1833: Magnetometer by Carl Friedrich Gauss[433]
1850: Formulation of the first and second law of thermodynamics by Rudolf Clausius[435][436]
1852: First experimental investigation of the Magnus effect by Heinrich Gustav Magnus[437]
1859: Spectrometer by Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff[440]
1861: First telephone transmitter by Johann Philipp Reis;[441][442] he also coined the term "telephone"[442]
1864–1875: Centrifuge by brothers Alexander and Antonin Prandtl from Munich[443]
1869: First observation of cathode rays by Johann Wilhelm Hittorf and Julius Plücker[445]
1874: Refractometer by Ernst Abbe[447][448]
1883: First accurate electricity meter (Pendelzähler) by Hermann Aron[449]
1886: Discovery of anode rays by Eugen Goldstein[450]
1887: Discoveries of electromagnetic radiation, photoelectric effect and radio waves by Heinrich Hertz[451]
1887: First parabolic antenna by Heinrich Hertz[452]
1895: Discovery of X-rays by Wilhelm Röntgen in Würzburg[455]
1900: Planck constant and Planck's law by Max Planck[458]
1900–1930: Quantum mechanics by i.a. Max Planck and Werner Heisenberg[459]
1904: First radar system by Christian Hülsmeyer (Telemobiloscope)[462]
1905: Mass–energy equivalence (E = mc2)[463] and special relativity[464] by Albert Einstein
1906–1912: Third law of thermodynamics (Nernst's theorem) by Walther Nernst[466]
1913: Echo sounding by Alexander Behm[467][468]
1915: Noether's theorem by Emmy Noether[470]
1916: General relativity by Albert Einstein[471]
1917: Laser's theoretical foundation by Albert Einstein[472]
1920s: (Modern) hand-held metal detector by Gerhard Fischer[475]
1924–25: Bose–Einstein statistics, Bose–Einstein condensate and Boson by Albert Einstein[479]
1927: Uncertainty principle by Werner Heisenberg[481]
1928: Geiger–Müller counter by Hans Geiger and Walther Müller[482]
1931: Electron microscope by Ernst Ruska and Max Knoll[483]
1933: Discovery of the Meissner effect by Walther Meissner and Robert Ochsenfeld[484]
1937–39: CNO cycle (Bethe–Weizsäcker process) by Carl von Weizsäcker and Hans Bethe[485]
1937: Scanning electron microscope (SEM) by Manfred von Ardenne[486]
1938: Discovery of nuclear fission by Otto Hahn and Fritz Straßmann in Berlin[487][488]
1949: Development of the nuclear shell model by Maria Goeppert-Mayer and J. Hans D. Jensen[489]
1950s: Quadrupole ion trap by Wolfgang Pauil[490]
1980s: Atomic force microscope and the scanning tunneling microscope by Gerd Binnig[496][497]
1994: STED microscopy by Stefan Hell and Jan Wichmann[499]
1998: Frequency comb by Theodor W. Hänsch[500]
Late 18th century: German idealism by Immanuel Kant[501]
19th century: Marxism by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels[502]
1852: Credit union by Franz Hermann Schulze-Delitzsch in Saxony, later further developed by Friedrich Wilhelm Raiffeisen[503]
1879: Psychology by Wilhelm Wundt in Leipzig[505][506]
1880s: German Empire (1871–1918) first welfare state / Otto von Bismarck,[507] e.g. Health insurance in 1883[508], Accident insurance in 1884[508], Pension insurance in 1889[508]
1897: Scientific-Humanitarian Committee, first LGBT rights organization in history,[509][510] founded by Magnus Hirschfeld in Berlin
1916: The German Empire first country daylight saving time (DST)[511]
1930s: Critical theory by the Frankfurt School[512]
1978: Blue Angel (Der Blaue Engel) certification, the world's first ecolabel[514]
1434: First christmas market (Striezelmarkt) in Dresden[515]
1517: Protestantism + Lutheranism by Martin Luther[516]
1600<: Modern Christmas tree[517][518]
1700<: Easter Bunny[519]
1776: Illuminati by Adam Weishaupt[521]
1810: Oktoberfest, the world's largest Volksfest,[522] in Munich
1839: Advent wreath by Johann Hinrich Wichern[523]
1850~: Advent calendar by German Lutherans;[524] the modern version was created by Gerhard Lang (1881–1974) from Munich[525]
1790~: Balance beam by Johann Christoph Friedrich GutsMuths[526]
1810~: Horizontal bar, parallel bars, rings and the vault apparatus by Friedrich Ludwig Jahn, who is often hailed as the "father of modern gymnastics"[527][528][529]
1901: Modern bodybuilding by Eugen Sandow[530]
1906: Schutzhund, a dog sport that tests a dog's tracking[531]
1910~: Loop jump in figure skating by Werner Rittberger[532]
1917–1919: Handball by Max Heiser, Karl Schelenz, and Erich Konigh in Berlin[533][534]
1920: Gliding by Oskar Ursinus[535]
1925: Wheel gymnastics by Otto Feick in Schönau an der Brend[536]
1936: The tradition of the Olympic torch relay by Carl Diem and Alfred Schiff in Berlin[537]
1948: Paralympic Games by German-born Ludwig Guttmann[539][540]
1954: Modern football boots with screw-in studs by Adolf (Adidas) or Rudolf Dassler (Puma)[541]
2001: Speed badminton by Bill Brandes in Berlin[547]
1882: Strandkorb by Wilhelm Bartelmann in Rostock[548][549]
1891: First purpose-built cruise ship (Prinzessin Victoria Luise) by Albert Ballin[550]
190x: Pilates by Joseph Pilates[551]
1915<: Modern parachute (the first collapsible parachute) by Katharina Paulus[553][554]
1890: Plastilin by Franz Kolb[558]
1892: Chinese checkers by Ravensburger[559]
1902: Teddy bear (55 PB) by Richard Steiff[560]
1907–08: Mensch ärgere Dich nicht board game by Josef Friedrich Schmidt[561]
1964: Fischertechnik by Artur Fischer[562]
1972: First home video console (Magnavox Odyssey) by German-born Ralph H. Baer[563][564]
1995: The Settlers of Catan by Klaus Teuber[566]
1655: First self-propelled wheelchair by Stephan Farffler[567]
1817: The first bicycle (dandy horse, or Laufmaschine in German) by Baron Karl von Drais[568][569]
1817: Tachometer by Diedrich Uhlhorn[570][571]
1834: First practical rotary electric motor by Moritz von Jacobi[572]
1838: First electric boat by Moritz von Jacobi[573]
1876: Otto engine by Nicolaus Otto[574]
1879–1881: First electric locomotive[575] and electric tramway (Gross-Lichterfelde Tramway) by Siemens & Halske[576][577]
1882: Trolleybus (Electromote) by Werner von Siemens[578]
1885: First automobile (Benz Patent-Motorwagen) by Karl Benz in Mannheim[579][580]
1885, 1894: Motorcycle (Daimler Reitwagen) by Gottlieb Daimler + Wilhelm Maybach.[581] Hildebrand & Wolfmüller 1894 (+Alois Wolfmüller) first "motorcycle" + production.[582]
1885: First modern internal combustion engine by Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach[583]
1886: First automobile on four wheels, by Gottlieb Daimler[584]
1886: Motorboat by Lürssen, in commission of Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach, in Bremen[585]
1888: Driver's license by Karl Benz[586]
1888: The world's first filling station was the city pharmacy in Wiesloch[587]
1888: Flocken Elektrowagen, regarded by some as the first real electric car,[588] by Andreas Flocken in Coburg
1893: Diesel engine, diesel fuel and biodiesel by Rudolf Diesel in Augsburg[591]
1893: Lilienthal Normalsegelapparat, the first aeroplane to be serially produced,[592][593] by Otto Lilienthal
1893: Zeppelin, the first rigid airship,[594] by Ferdinand von Zeppelin[595]
1896: First truck (Daimler Motor-Lastwagen) by Gottlieb Daimler[597]
1901: Mercedes 35 hp, as the first real modern automobile,[600] by Paul Daimler + Wilhelm Maybach, also world's first drum brakes.[601]
1902: First high voltage spark plug by Gottlob Honold[603]
1902: First practical speedometer by Otto Schultze[604][605]
1906: Gyrocompass by Hermann Anschütz-Kaempfe[606]
1909, 1912: The world's first passenger airline; DELAG in Frankfurt (1909).[607] The company also employed the first flight attendant, Heinrich Kubis (1912).[608]
1912: The world's first diesel locomotive by Gesellschaft für Thermo-Lokomotiven Diesel-Klose-Sulzer GmbH from Munich[609] and Borsig from Berlin[610]
1915: The world's first all-metal aircraft (Junkers J 1) by Junkers & Co[611]
1916: Gasoline direct injection (GDI) by Junkers & Co[612]
1928: First rocket-powered aircraft (Lippisch Ente) by Alexander Lippisch[613]
1936: The first operational and practical helicopter (Focke-Wulf Fw 61), by Focke-Achgelis[615]
1939: First aircraft with a turbojet (Heinkel He 178), and the first practical jet aircraft, by Hans von Ohain[616]
1957: Wankel engine by Felix Wankel[619]
1960s: Defogger by Heinz Kunert[620]
1960s: Oxygen sensor by Robert Bosch GmbH[621]
1995: Electronic stability control (ESC) by Robert Bosch GmbH and Mercedes-Benz[622][623]
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